— unifying terms and parameters for the simulation of industrial refining processes and laboratory refiners;

— treating pulp samples in a (semi) continuous operation in contrast to quasi-stationary laboratory beating equipment such as the PFI mill or Valley Hollander;

— evaluation of chemical market pulps under close-to-reality conditions in terms of refining intensity and refining energy consumption;

— optimizing of fibre furnishes in terms of cost, quality, and energy requirements;

— this Technical Report only considers refiners operating at low consistency.